معرفی کتاب قدرت خواندن؛ از سقراط تا توییتر
فرانک فوردی، جامعهشناس مشهور مجارستانی، در این کتاب روایتی تاریخی از خواندن و مخاطرات آن در هر دورۀ تاریخی ارائه میدهد. او میگوید که کلمات مکتوب، از خاستگاههای قدیم خود تا کنون، هم بیانگر و هم تهدیدی علیه هنجارهای اخلاقی بودهاند و امروز، که هواداران سواد مکرراً برای زوال عادت کتابخوانی سوگواری میکنند، عجیب به نظر میرسد که در گذشتهای نهچندان دور دربارۀ مخاطرات مطالعۀ بیملاحظه هشدار میدادند. دلواپسیهای امروزی هم پیرامون اثر مضر فناوری دیجیتال و اینترنت بر سواد و افراد کتابخوان نابجاست. زیرا پرورش هویت فردی، از طریق مطالعه، امکانهای بیشماری برای رشد فردی فراهم میسازد. بنابراین چالش فراروی جامعۀ امروز فرهنگی و سیاسی است، نه فناورانه. به نظر او، «خوانندۀ بصیری که قادر به قضاوت مستقل است» باید ایدئال فرهنگی امروز نیز باشد.
بخشی از مقدمه کتاب قدرت خواندن؛ از سقراط تا توییتر
مطالعه آگاهی بشر را دگرگون کرده و دنیا را تغییر داده است. فارغ از نقش آن در مقام یک رسانه قدرتمند ارتباطی و منبع لذت، دریچه ای به سوی دانش درباره تقریبا همه چیزهای مبهم باز کرده است. در سراسر جهان انگلیسی ـ آمریکایی، خواندن را با سواد، اشتباه می گیرند. سواد، مهارتی است برای رمزگشایی از متون مکتوب و در جامعه مدرن که چنین به ارتباطات تکیه دارد، باید این مهارت را داشت، اما خواندن فراتر از سواد است. در مطالعه با تفسیر و تخیل سر و کار داریم؛ مطالعه یعنی داستاوردی فرهنگی که معنا از طریق آن به دست می آید. با خواندن بین خطوط خواننده می تواند تخیل و دانش خود را برای فهم متن پیش روی خود و دریافت معنایش به کار بگیرد.
نگرانی ها درباره وضعیت سواد اغلب در کنار هشدارها پیرامون زوال کتاب و ادعای اثرات مضر اینترنت بر ظرفیت کتابخوانی ما مطرح می شوند. آنهایی که از انحطاط فرهنگ کتابخوانی شکوه می کنند، اغلب برچسب دایناسورهای فرهنگی می خورند. در برخی محافل مد شده است که می گویند، در جهان ارتباطات فراگیر، آنهایی که در پی یافتن معنا از طریق منابعی اند که محیط همیشه متغیر و هر لحظه غنی از رسانه ها در اختیارشان می گذارد از کتاب خوانها سبقت می گیرند.
احساس شهودی ام این بود که هر دو طرف دعوا، درباره آینده مطالعه و فناوری دیجیتال، یک سویه به ماجرا می نگرند و احتمالا اشتباه می کنند. به نظرم بعید بود که یک فناوری رسانه ای جدید سرنوشت فرهنگ کتابخوانی را رقم بزند: لابد پای چیز دیگری در میان بود. چون فرضیات فرهنگی رایج همواره بر معنای عمل کتابخوانی اثر می گذارند، تصمیم گرفتم خوانشی تاریخی از مطالعه داشته باشم تا ببینم که در طول تاریخ چه برداشتی از معنای آن نزد مردم و تأثیرش بر آنها وجود داشته است. در این اثر تلاش می کنم طرح کلی از معانی دشوار و اغلب تناقض آمیزی بدهم که به این کار مهم نسبت داده می شود.
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