وَالْمُطَلَّقَاتُ يَتَرَبَّصْنَ بِأَنْفُسِهِنَّ ثَلاثَةَ قُرُوءٍ وَلا يَحِلُّ لَهُنَّ أَنْ يَكْتُمْنَ مَا خَلَقَ اللَّهُ فِي أَرْحَامِهِنَّ إِن كُنَّ يُؤْمِنَّ بِاللّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ وَبُعُولَتُهُنَّ أَحَقُّ بِرَدِّهِنَّ فِي ذلِكَ إِنْ أَرَادُوا إِصْلَاحاً وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَلِلرِّجَالِ عَلَيْهِنَّ دَرَجَةٌ وَاللّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيم.[2]
و زنان طلاق داده شده، [بايد] مدّت سه مرتبه عادت ماهانه بر خويشتن انتظار كشند؛ و اگر به خدا و روز بازپسين ايمان دارند، براى آنها حلال نيست كه آنچه را خدا در رَحِمهايشان آفريده، پوشيده دارند. و در اين [مدّت]، شوهرانشان، براى باز گرداندن آنها (به زندگى مشترك) سزاوارترند، اگر خواهان اصلاح باشند؛ و براى آن (زن) ان (حقوق) پسنديده قرار داده شده، همانند آنچنان (وظايفى) كه بعهده آنان است؛ و مردان بر آنان رتبه دارند؛ و خدا شكست ناپذيرى فرزانه است.
نكتهها و اشارهها
1. مقصود از سه «قُرء» در آيهى فوق همان سه دوره عادت ماهيانهى زنان است كه زنان طلاق گرفته صبر مىكنند، سپس شوهر جديدى انتخاب مىنمايند. البته اين مطلب از آيهى فوق و روايات قابل استفاده است.
2. نگاه داشتن «عدّه» و صبر كردن زنان پس از طلاق فوايد زيادى دارد كه برخى از آنها عبارتاند از:
الف) اين صبر كردن، زمينهى روحى اصلاح روابط زن و مرد و بازگشت آنان به زندگى مشترك را فراهم مىكند، به ويژه آنكه زن طلاق داده شده بايد در مدّت عدّه در خانهى شوهر بماند.
ب) نگهداشتن عدّه موجب حفظ نسل انسان مىشود؛ زيرا اگر زن باردار باشد، در طى اين مرحله معلوم مىشود.
3. از مطرح شدن مسألهى رجوع و بازگشت شوهران در آيهى فوق معلوم مىشود كه احكام اين آيه مخصوص «طلاق رجعى» است؛ يعنى مردان در طول مدّت عدّه حق دارند بدون عقد مجدد به زندگى مشترك بازگردند.
4. آيهى فوق به اين اصل اساسى اشاره كرده است كه هرجا «وظيفهاى» وجود دارد، در كنار آن «حقّى» هم ثابت است؛ پس به همان اندازه كه زنان وظايفى به عهده دارند، حقوقى هم براى آنان قرار داده شده است و از تساوى اين حقوق با آن وظايف، عدالت پديد مىآيد.
قرآن كريم با طرح مسألهى «حقوق زنان در مقابل وظايف آنها»، فصل نوينى در تاريخ بشريت در مورد زنان گشود و به وضع فجيع زنان و ستمهايى كه قبل از اسلام بر آنها روا مىداشتند پايان داد.
5. مردان و زنان هر كدام نيروهاى جسمى و روحى ويژهاى دارند كه با هم متفاوت است. زن از عواطف و احساسات بيشترى برخوردار است؛ از اين رو براى انجام وظايف عاطفى حسّاس، مثل مادرى و پرورش فرزند، مناسبتر است.
اما مردان نيروى بدنى بيشتر و احساسات كمترى دارند؛ از اين رو وظيفهى تأمين مالى خانواده و وظايف سختى مانند جنگ را به دوش مىكشند.
پس بين اين دو جنس از نظر روحى و جسمى تفاوتهايى وجود دارد و با وجود اين تفاوتها، حقوق و مسئوليتهاى آنان نيز متفاوت است و هر كدام براى كارى برترى دارند.
آرى، عدالت اقتضا مىكند كه در شرايط يكسان، تبعيض نباشد، ولى در جايى كه شرايط طرفين متفاوت است، تفاوت تكليفها و مسئوليتها عين عدالت است.
6. زنانى كه از شوهر خود جدا شدهاند و در حال عدّهى طلاق هستند، حق ندارند عادت ماهيانه و يا باردارى خود را مخفى سازند. آرى، سخن زنان در اين موارد پذيرفته مىشود، ولى آنان نبايد از حقّ خود سوء استفاده كنند و بر خلاف واقع سخن بگويند.
آموزهها و پيامها
1. طلاق و حقوق زن و شوهر در اسلام تابع قوانين حكمتآميز الهى است.
2. اسلام، اصل تساوى حقّ و تكليف را به رسميت مىشناسد.
3. مردان (به خاطر ساختمان خاص بدنى و روحى، در برخى زمينهها، مثل جنگ، مديريت خانواده و …) بر زنان برترى دارند.
4. پنهانكارى (كه زمينهى خلافكارى شود)، با ايمان به خدا و رستاخيز ناسازگار است.
5. زنان از حوزهى امكانات خود سوء استفاده نكنند و پنهانكارى ننمايند.
6. زنان طلاق داده شده، بلافاصله از شوهر جدا نشوند، بلكه مدّتى مشخص صبر كنند (تا زمينهى زندگى مشترك مجدد از بين نرود).
179 پاسخ
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